Understanding Dog Dementia: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

Understanding Canine Cognitive Dysfunction (Dog Dementia)

As our canine companions age, their needs and behaviors can change in ways we might not expect. While many senior dogs continue to lead happy and fulfilling lives, aging can sometimes bring specific health challenges that require extra attention from their owners.

One such challenge is the risk of developing a condition known as Canine Cognitive Dysfunction (CCD) or dog dementia. This neurodegenerative disorder, similar to Alzheimer’s disease in humans, can affect a dog’s memory, behavior, and overall mental sharpness. Being aware of the possibility of CCD allows pet owners to recognize signs early and provide their senior dogs with the care and support they need.

What Causes Dog Dementia?

Although the precise cause of CCD remains unclear, researchers believe it’s linked to the buildup of beta-amyloid proteins in the brain, which disrupt normal brain function. Other factors, such as oxidative stress, reduced blood flow, and changes in neurotransmitter levels, may also contribute to cognitive decline. Not all aging dogs develop dementia, but studies show it’s more common than you might think, with nearly 28% of dogs aged 11-12 and up to 68% of those aged 15-16 exhibiting symptoms.

Recognizing the Early Signs

Spotting the first signs of dementia can be tricky, as they’re often subtle and easy to attribute to normal aging. Keep an eye out for:

• Disorientation: Does your dog seem confused in familiar surroundings or get stuck in corners?
• Sleep pattern changes: Increased daytime naps and nighttime restlessness are common.
• Altered social interactions: A once-friendly dog might withdraw, while a more reserved dog could suddenly seek constant attention.

Other signs include forgetting commands or routines, like struggling to find their food bowl or hesitating at familiar tasks. Early recognition allows for timely intervention, which can slow the progression of cognitive decline.

Symptoms to Watch For

As dementia advances, symptoms become more pronounced. Look for:

• Anxiety: Dogs may become more fearful or clingy.
• Loss of house training: Accidents indoors might increase.
• Reduced interest in activities: Toys, walks, and even social interactions may no longer excite them.
• Repetitive behaviors: Pacing, circling, or excessive licking could indicate cognitive struggles.
• Vocalizations: Barking, whining, or howling—especially at night—might signify disorientation.

Changes in appetite, grooming habits, and responsiveness are also common. Regular vet check-ups can help differentiate these symptoms from other medical conditions.

Sundowners Syndrome in Dogs

Sundowners Syndrome, or “sundowning,” describes increased confusion and agitation in the evening. It’s thought to stem from disrupted circadian rhythms and environmental changes, like fading light. Symptoms include pacing, vocalizing, and restlessness. You can help by:

• Establishing consistent routines.
• Creating a calm evening environment with soft lighting.
• Offering gentle activities, like quiet companionship or a relaxing massage.

Normal Aging vs. Dementia

How can you tell the difference between typical aging and dementia?

Normal Aging:

• Mild forgetfulness or stiffness.
• Gradual vision or hearing changes.
• Slight decrease in energy.

Dementia:

• Severe disorientation.
• Drastic personality shifts.
• Persistent anxiety or confusion.

If you notice significant behavioral changes, consult your vet for a thorough evaluation.

Diagnosis: What to Expect at the Vet

Diagnosing CCD involves ruling out other medical conditions. Your vet will:

• Gather a detailed medical history.
• Conduct physical and neurological exams.
• Perform blood tests or imaging studies, like MRIs, to assess brain health.

A diagnosis often requires piecing together symptoms and observations. Bring a journal of your dog’s behaviors to help your vet understand the situation better.

How Can You Treat Cognitive Dysfunction in Dogs?

As written in the AKC article by Stephanie Gibeault, MSc, CPDT: ‘Although the condition will progressively worsen and there is no cure, there are ways to help manage and slow CDS. For example, there are several medications available. One is selegiline, which is thought to slow down oxidative damage in the brain. Another is propentofylline, a drug that helps with blood circulation in the brain.

You can also talk to your veterinarian about supplements like SAMe (S-adenosylmethionine), vitamin E, and ginkgo biloba, which all act as antioxidants. Research has shown that adding antioxidants to a canine diet can help older dogs complete more difficult learning tasks, suggesting consuming them can result in improvements in cognitive function. Finally, don’t rule out dietary treatment for dog dementia. Diets rich in fish oils or medium chain triglycerides (MCTs), including two veterinary diets, have proven helpful.

It can be challenging to live with a dog with CDS, particularly if your dog is no longer friendly or poops in the house. And it’s hard to watch your dog’s quality of life decline. Many owners struggle with when to put down a dog with dementia.’

Prevention: Keeping Your Dog’s Mind Sharp

Though dementia isn’t always preventable, promoting brain health early in life can help:

• Engage in mental stimulation: Puzzle feeders, new commands, and varied walks challenge the brain.
• Provide a healthy diet: Antioxidants, omega-3s, and hydration are key.
• Ensure regular exercise: Low-impact activities like swimming are great for seniors.

Visit the vet regularly: Early detection of health issues is crucial.